Basic Metabolic Panel

This panel comprises a group of 8 specific tests that provide information on an individual’s blood electrolytes, glucose levels, kidney status, and acid-base balance. The panel is usually ordered as part of a routine health examination or physical [1,2].

The Basic Metabolic Panel is also commonly ordered during hospital and emergency-room admission to monitor the metabolism and vital signs of hospitalized individuals with conditions such as hypertension, who are treated with diuretics or other appropriate interventions. [1,2].

Significant changes in electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal function, and blood glucose may be associated with kidney failure, respiratory distress, and impaired cognitive status. In addition, changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium alter the excitability of neurons and cardiac and skeletal muscles, producing arrhythmias, weakness, and spasms/tremors [2].

Primary metabolic panel test results are usually evaluated in conjunction with one another for patterns of results. A single abnormal test result could indicate something different than if more than 1 of the test results is abnormal. Many conditions can cause abnormal results, including kidney failure, respiratory distress, and diabetes-related complications [2].

The section below outlines the roles of the analytes assessed with this panel [2].

Sodium: Plays a central role in maintaining the normal distribution of water and osmotic pressure.

Potassium: Essential for proper muscle and nerve function.

Chloride: Helps keep the balance of fluids, maintain blood volume, stabilize blood pressure, and balance the pH of body fluids.

CO2 (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate): Used to evaluate the total carbonate buffering system and acid-base balance.

Glucose: A critical energy source for cells and organs. It is used to diagnose diabetes and hypoglycemia.

Calcium: Essential for nerve, muscle, and heart functions and bone formation.

BUN (blood urea nitrogen): Evaluation of kidney function.

Creatinine: Useful for diagnosing renal insufficiency and estimating glomerular filtration rate.